MID-TEST OF ENGLISH SEMANTICS

English Semantics

Fridolini, SS, M.Hum

Firda Prihatin 2014130036

UNIVERSITAS DARMA PERSADA

Jl. Raden Inten II (Terusan Casablanca), Pondok Kelapa

   Jakarta Timur 13450 Telp. 8649051/8649052

1.Apa yang dimaksud dengan MEANING? Explain and elaborate your answer in English (Min 100 words).

Meaning is a sense of words, phrases, or sentences. Because in a word, phrase, or sentence definitely has its own meaning. One meaning is a message that can be accepted and included in something we read or listen to. In a systematic study of meaning, are divided into three parts meaning. The three parts of the study of meaning can be seen from psychology, philosophy, and linguistics. Psychologists are focused on how people learn, how does one retain, or loss of information, make decisions, solve problems. The conclusion is meaning in psychologists is how humans interact and the human mind.

Philosophers of language are something that is focused on how we know something, how do we know the fact that we know or we get associated with a statement, or a different expression with the same meaning.

While in linguistics, linguists are focused on how the language works. Like when two people are speaking in their own language. With the way that will make them understand, get or give information. Linguistics is focused on the identification to identify the elements which means of a specific language.

2.Sebuah kata ataupun kata-kata itu tidak hanya memilki sebuah properties atau sifat tetapi juga memilki hubungan satu sama lain, meaning relations. Seperti halnya berhubungan secara morphologi dan semantic. Kata itu juga dihubungkan oleh sifat atau arti kata tersebut didalam lexicon. What does it mean? Jelaskan dalam bahasa inggris (jangan copy paste isi BUKU, dan berikan contoh, lalu analisa contoh tsb.)

In the narrow sense are semantic relations relations between concepts or meanings. The concept school should be distinguished from the word ‘school’. School is a kind of educational institution. This indicates a hierarchical or generic relationship between two concepts or meanings, which is one kind among a long range of kinds of semantic relations.

Lexicon could be defined as the ‘study of word meaning’, but in practice it is often more specifically concerned with the study of lexical word meaning, as opposed to the meanings of grammatical or function words. This means that lexical semanticists are most interested in the open classes of noun, verb and adjective and with more ‘contentful’ members of the adverb and preposition classes for instance over but not of. Lexical semantics is thus mostly exempt from considering issues that arise from the use of grammatical words, such as definiteness and modality.

Examples :

Lap : Circuit of a course. Part of body when sitting down.

Ring : a small circular band. Worn on the finger.

Wring : a squeeze or twist.

Keep : To retain possession of.

Keep : Care. Charge.

Not : In no way.

Knot : To tie in or fasten with knots.

It means in every words has many different meaning depends with the context, the usage and the utterance. Because one words can describe for many meaning and can represent the perception that can produce the interpretation.

3.Dalam suatu bahasa, makna kata saling berhubungan, hubungan ini disebut Relasi makna. Relasi makna dapat berwujud bermacam–macam. Dalam setiap bahasa, seringkali kita temui adanya hubungan kemaknaan atau relasi semantik antara sebuah kata atau satuan bahasa lainnya dengan kata atau satuan bahasa lainnya lagi. Hubungan atau relasi kemaknaan ini menyangkut hal apa saja?? Jelaskan pembagian dalam relasi makna. Explain in English.

The relation of meaning is the semantic relationship that exists between language units with each unit of other languages. The units of language here can be a phrase or sentence; and semantic relationships that can be expressed in common sense. Conflicts of meaning, meaning inclusiveness, multiplicity of meaning or even an excess of meaning. The relation of meaning are usually discussed issues called synonyms, antonyms, polysemy, homonymy, hyphonymy, ambiguity, and redundancy.

1. Synonym

            Synonyms or synonymy is a semantic relationship stating the similarity of meaning between one unit of speech utterance with one unit more. For example, between the right word with the correct word. Examples in English between the words freedom and liberty.

            Synonymy relation is bidirectional, meaning that an utterance A unit of speech is synonymous with B and on the contrary. In concrete terms if the correct word is synonymous with the word correctly, the word really synonymous with the word right.

Two utterances are synonymous meaning will not be exactly the same. Similarities that occur due to various factors:

- Factors of time

- Factors of place or region

- Factors of formality

- Factors of social

- Factors fields of activity

- Factors shades of meaning

2. Antonyms

            Antonym is the relationship or antonymy between the two units of speech whose meaning stating the opposite, opposition, or the contrast between one another. For example the bad antonym words with good words, words die is antonym with the word of life. The nature of antonyms can be divided into several types, among others:

a. Antonyms is absolute.

      For example the word live is antonym with the word death, because everything that is alive is certainly not dead, and something that already dead certainly is no longer alive.

b. Antonyms that are relative or graded.

      The word said big and small is relative in terms. Antonyms of this type is called relative, because the line between one and the other can be clearly defined. The limit that can move into more or less. Therefore, something big is not necessarily small, and something did not close is not necessarily far. Hence we can say for example more closely, very closely, or also the closest.

c. Antonyms that are hierarchical.

      The word enlisted and NCOs are hierarchical antonym. Antonym of this type are called is hierarchical because the second unit is antonym utterances that are in the line of ladder or hierarchy.

3. Polysemy

                  In this case usually the first meaning (which is registered in the dictionary) is a real meaning, lexical meaning, denotative meaning or conceptual meaning. The other is the meanings that developed by one component of meaning that this word or the speech unit.

4. Homonymy

                  Homonymy is 2 pieces of words or utterances shaped unit "coincidence" the same; meaning of course different, because each is a word or a different form of speech. For example, the word girlfriend meaningful "henna" and the words boyfriend and meaning "lover" So if boyfriend meaningful "henna" that homonym with boyfriend meaningful word "lover" It so, boyfriend meaning "lover" that homonym with words means "henna"

- Homophone

      Is the similarity between the two units of speech sounds regardless of spelling.

- Homograph

      Referring to the same form of speech but the orthography or spelling words and their meanings are not the same.

5. Hyphonymy

                 Is a semantic relationship between a form of speech whose meaning is included in the meaning of other forms of speech.

For example: the word include the word pigeon birds so pigeons are hyponymy and hypernymy of birds and bird berhipernim with pigeons.

6. Ambiguiti and ambiguity

                 Is the multiplicity of symptoms can result tefsiran grammatical meaning different.

Example: The new history book

                 Can be interpreted: 1 new history book was published.

2 book contains the history of a new era.

7. Redundancy

                 The term redundancy is usually defined as excessive use of segmental elements in a form of speech. For example: the sentence the ball is being kicked by dika will not be a different meaning when it is said that the ball was kicked Dika. That is without use. Preposition "by". The use of the word "by" is considered redundant, superfluous.

4.Walaupun selompok kata tidak bersinonim tetapi ia dapat menjelaskan tentang kejadian yang sama sehingga dapat disebut sebagai semantic fields. Give examples and explain in English.

A semantic field is a set of words or lexemes related in meaning. A semantic field is a group of words that belong together. Also known as a word field, lexical field, field of meaning, and semantic system. It has defined semantic field more specifically as a set of lexemes which cover a certain conceptual domain and which bear certain specifiable relations to one another. For example:

1. Cling, possessive, stay. Here, the semantic field of “possessiveness” is used to describe   “love”.
2. Pain, lethal, knife. Semantic field of danger (or pain) used to describe “love”.
3. May, summer's day, darling buds, temperate. Semantic field of “summer” is used to describe “beauty”.

5. Setelah anda melihat semua properties dan hubungan semantic dari arti kata, apa yang bisa ada analisa dari situ? Bagaimana analisis anda? Analyze your analysis and explain in English elaboratively.

I can analyze kind of Hyponymy. Hyponymy is a sense relation in semantics that serves to relate word concepts in a hierarchical fashion. Hyponymy is a relation between two words in which the meaning of one of the words includes the meaning of the other word. The lexical relation corresponding to the inclusion of one class in another is hyponymy.

Examples of hyponymy :

1.      Prowess : Hero

2.      Recalcitrance : Adamant

3.      Resentment : Aggrieved

4.      Kind : Kind-hearted

5.      Party : Dinner party

6.      Clear : Clear-cut

7.      Tight : Tight-fisted

8.      Symbology : Omen

9.      Eminent : Pre-eminent

10.  Give : Give up

The more specific concept is known as the hyponym, and the more general concept is known as the hypernym or superordinate. Apple is the hyponym and fruit is the superordinate / hypernymy. Hyponymy is not restricted to objects, abstract concepts, or nouns. It can be identified in many other areas of the lexicon.

6. Menurut anda, bagaimanakah interaksi komunikasi secara verbal dan nonverbal dalam sosial media? Bagaimana penggunaan sosial media menjadi salah satu hal yang terkait dalam verbal and nonverbal communication? Bagaimana anda menganalisa fenomena sosial media dengan penggunaan verbal and nonverbal communication? Explain in English.

Verbal communication delivered with verbal language. Examples of verbal communication using words that represent different aspects of the reality of the individual. These include aspects of reality, language of origin, customs, knowledge and intelligence to cultural aspects. Verbal communication is a type of communication that humans do everyday. Nonverbal communication is simply nonverbal communication can be defined as all signals are not words. Examples of non-verbal communication includes: body language, touch, physical appearance and color.

Interaction of verbal communication in social media can be done with the videocall media or it could be just over the phone via whatsapp, bbm, line, etc. Moreover, the interaction of verbal communication in social media can also be done with the chat, texting, etc. While interaction of nonverbal communication in social media can be done by sending emoticons are widely available in applications of social media nowaday. When we are feeling angry, we can send angry emoticons without to saying that we are feeling angry.

The phenomenon of social media with using of verbal and nonverbal communication. By using verbal communication in social media we can still catch the message or the meaning of utterances clearly without miss communications. However, by using nonverbal communication in social media, it is often the actual message is not delivered to the user, so there is causing miss communications between users.

7. Menurut anda, apakah dampak positif dan negatif yang terjadi akibat komunikasi verbal dan nonverbal yang dilakukan dalam masyarakat sehari-hari dalam berkomunikasi? Jelaskan dengan jelas dengan berikan beberapa contoh kasus yang menunjukkan dampak positif dan negatifnya. Explain in English.

The positive impact that occurs as a result of verbal and nonverbal communication is done in people's daily communication. Verbal communication in everyday society can be positively impact of the neighbors to know each other and people around. For example, we can talk directly and discuss topics surrounding light environment. Whereas with nonverbal communication, we can say hello by only nodding head, the positive impact we can show courtesy towards each other without having to speak at length.

The negative impact caused by verbal and nonverbal communication is done in people's daily communication. Verbal communication in everyday society that is often negatively impact by the community to talk about things that are not good enough. For example mothers gossiping and talking about people who actually still part of her own neighbors. Its negative effects are also wasting time just for the sake of talking about things that are not important. Whereas with nonverbal communication, have a negative impact if the user does not conform to the surrounding environment. For examples in outside the country men and women meet each other and then kiss on the cheek was normal, but in Indonesia this kind of thing is still not too common that could lead to a misunderstanding of others who see it.

8. Dengan istilah oposisi, bisa tercakup dari konsep yang betul- betul berlawanan sampai kepada yang hanya bersifat kontras saja. Lebih jauh, berdasarkan sifatnya, oposisi ini dapat dibedakan menjadi apa saja? Explain and give examples in English.

The opposition is a comparison of opposition and proposition which is part of the nature of the proposition. Oposisitif proposition is a proposition that is not possible while true despite the same subject and predicate. Opposition in politics means the party opponents in parliament who oppose and criticize etc. Opinion or political expediency ruling class. Opposition in the logic defined by the contradiction between the two statements on the basis of the processing of the same term. The contradiction here is defined also by logical relations, namely the relationship which has in it the existence of a right or wrong assessment of the two statements are comparable.

The opposition is divided into two parts Namely:

1. Simple Opposition

The opposition in the form of a logical relationship between two single statement on the basis of the same term. But the difference in quality and quantity. Term sole here is the predicate. Simple opposition is divided into four kinds, namely:

Opposition kontraris namely universal contradiction between the two statements on the basis of the same term. But differ in quality. Opposition subkontraris that particular contradiction between the two statements on the basis of the terms are the same, but differ in quality. Opposition contradictorily ie where one denies what is recognized by the lain.Dalam this opposition has character when one is wrong, the other must be true. And if one is true the other must be wrong, can not be true both or one of the two. Subalternasi opposition is contradiction between the two statements on the basis of the same term and same quality but different in quantity.

2. Complex Opposition

The opposition in the form of a logical relationship between the two states on the basis of the two terms are the same as the subject and predicate, but different in a different quantity or quality or both or a conflict between two categorical propositions with the same terms and different in one respect. The opposition is divided into three, namely:

Opposition Parallel: a relationship between two particular statements by the two terms are the same but different daam quality. In a clash of two of this particular statement, the object of both statements it is an assemblage that is divided into two groups, one with positive predicate (affirmative) and the other with negative predicate. Therefore the statement of the others rely on their statements. Why is the opposition parallel, for the proposition that one assumes the existence of parallel and opossi others. Opposition contradictorily, that is a contradiction between the two categorical statement with the same term. However, different quantity and quality. Opposition same contradiction here with the opposition contradictory and covered in simple opposition. the law is the same. Why is the opposition between propositions are contradictory because one another conflicting full. Opposition exclusive: the contradiction between the two statements, universal categorically different ang quality, top clash of two statements of the same quality but different quantity. It called exclusive opposition because between two propositions which contradict each other aside.

9. Apabila anda melakukan riset mengenai prosody, apakah yang akan anda analisa dan bagaimanakah anda melakukannya? Berikan contoh analisis anda mengenai prosody.

Prosody is the study of the tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning. Prosody is the study of those aspects of speech that typically apply to a level above that of the individual phoneme and very often to sequences of words in prosodic phrases.

When doing research on prosody, which will be analyzed is the way a person speaks through rhythm, intonation, and a combination of the two that produce different meanings of these utterances. How to analyze it is comparing the rising and falling pitch of a person's tone in the same phrase. Example of Prosody analysis:

This is your car?

This is your car?

This is your car?

From one of these questions, there are three differences in intonation and emphasis that has been seen from the words in bold. Differences in intonation and emphasis on different words also have meaning different emphasis on each word. The first question emphasis on the word of This, which means the requester intends to ask whether your car is this? The second question emphasis on the word of your, which means the requester intends to ask whether you have a car like this? And the last question emphasize the word of car, which means the requester intends to ask you if it's your car? So all of three are apparent differences in the meaning of this one question.

10. Dalam memahami makna, anda melalui proses kognitif persepsi, indentifikasi dan interpretasi. Bagaimana prosedur proses tersebut dalam memahami simbol-simbol/tanda-tanda dan ujaran-ujaran. Give examples and explain in English. 

In general, the perception can be defined as the interpretation of the various sensations as a representation of external objects, so the perception is knowledge of what can be captured by our senses.

Identification is giving signs to the class of goods or something. It is necessary, therefore, the identification task is to distinguish the components from one another, so as not to cause confusion. With the identification of a component that it can be recognized and known entry in which the class.

Interpretation is the most important stage in perception. Actually, we can not interpret the meaning of each object directly, but rather to interpret the meaning of information which we believe represents the object. So the knowledge we have gained through perception is not knowledge of the actual object, but the knowledge of how it seems the object.

The process of understanding the meaning that someone from the perception first. People will have their own perception of things. Then the people will identify, namely analyzing something of his own opinion and additional information from others. Finally, after people managed to create the perception, identify, then it's time to interpret it. That is the most important process to obtain the results of the information obtained accurately. So the knowledge we gain through the perception is not knowledge of the actual object, but the knowledge of how the objects seem. But after three of this process we will get the right information.